Pakistan 音标拼音: [p'ækɪst
, æn]
n . 巴基斯坦
巴基斯坦
Pakistan n 1 :
a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley ;
formerly part of India ;
achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 [
synonym : {
Pakistan }, {
Islamic Republic of Pakistan }, {
West Pakistan }]
Pakistan \
Pakistan \
prop .
n .
A country in South Asia formerly part of British India .
Syn :
West Pakistan .
[
WordNet 1 .
5 ]
Note :
Data on Pakistan from the CIA WOrld Factbook ,
1996 Geography :
Location :
Southern Asia ,
bordering the Arabian Sea ,
between India and Iran Geographic coordinates :
30 00 N ,
70 00 E Map references :
Asia Area :
total area :
803 ,
940 sq km land area :
778 ,
720 sq km comparative area :
slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries :
total :
6 ,
774 km border countries :
Afghanistan 2 ,
430 km ,
China 523 km ,
India 2 ,
912 km ,
Iran 909 km Coastline :
1 ,
046 km Maritime claims :
contiguous zone :
24 nm continental shelf :
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone :
200 nm territorial sea :
12 nm International disputes :
status of Kashmir with India ;
border dispute with Afghanistan (
Durand Line );
water -
sharing problems over the Indus (
Wular Barrage )
with upstream riparian India Climate :
mostly hot ,
dry desert ;
temperate in northwest ;
arctic in north Terrain :
flat Indus plain in east ;
mountains in north and northwest ;
Balochistan plateau in west lowest point :
Indian Ocean 0 m highest point :
K2 (
Mt .
Godwin -
Austen )
8 ,
611 m Natural resources :
land ,
extensive natural gas reserves ,
limited petroleum ,
poor quality coal ,
iron ore ,
copper ,
salt ,
limestone Land use :
arable land :
23 %
permanent crops :
0 %
meadows and pastures :
6 %
forest and woodland :
4 %
other :
67 % (
1993 )
Irrigated land :
170 ,
000 sq km (
1992 )
Environment :
current issues :
water pollution from raw sewage ,
industrial wastes ,
and agricultural runoff ;
limited natural fresh water resources ;
a majority of the population does not have access to potable water ;
deforestation ;
soil erosion ;
desertification natural hazards :
frequent earthquakes ,
occasionally severe especially in north and west ;
flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (
July and August )
international agreements :
party to -
Biodiversity ,
Climate Change ,
Endangered Species ,
Environmental Modification ,
Hazardous Wastes ,
Nuclear Test Ban ,
Ozone Layer Protection ,
Ship Pollution ,
Wetlands ;
signed ,
but not ratified -
Desertification ,
Law of the Sea ,
Marine Life Conservation Geographic note :
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass ,
traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent People :
Population :
129 ,
275 ,
660 (
July 1996 est .)
Age structure :
0 -
14 years :
42 % (
male 28 ,
286 ,
823 ;
female 26 ,
640 ,
019 )
15 -
64 years :
53 % (
male 35 ,
396 ,
281 ;
female 33 ,
733 ,
798 )
65 years and over :
5 % (
male 2 ,
621 ,
721 ;
female 2 ,
597 ,
018 ) (
July 1996 est .)
Population growth rate :
2 .
24 % (
1996 est .)
Birth rate :
36 .
16 births /
1 ,
000 population (
1996 est .)
Death rate :
11 .
22 deaths /
1 ,
000 population (
1996 est .)
Net migration rate : -
2 .
6 migrant (
s )/
1 ,
000 population (
1996 est .)
Sex ratio :
at birth :
1 .
05 male (
s )/
female under 15 years :
1 .
06 male (
s )/
female 15 -
64 years :
1 .
05 male (
s )/
female 65 years and over :
1 .
01 male (
s )/
female all ages :
1 .
05 male (
s )/
female (
1996 est .)
Infant mortality rate :
96 .
8 deaths /
1 ,
000 live births (
1996 est .)
Life expectancy at birth :
total population :
58 .
46 years male :
57 .
7 years female :
59 .
25 years (
1996 est .)
Total fertility rate :
5 .
25 children born /
woman (
1996 est .)
Nationality :
noun :
Pakistani (
s )
adjective :
Pakistani Ethnic divisions :
Punjabi ,
Sindhi ,
Pashtun (
Pathan ),
Baloch ,
Muhajir (
immigrants from India and their descendants )
Religions :
Muslim 97 % (
Sunni 77 %,
Shi '
a 20 %),
Christian ,
Hindu ,
and other 3 %
Languages :
Punjabi 48 %,
Sindhi 12 %,
Siraiki (
a Punjabi variant )
10 %,
Pashtu 8 %,
Urdu (
official )
8 %,
Balochi 3 %,
Hindko 2 %,
Brahui 1 %,
English (
official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries ),
Burushaski ,
and other 8 %
Literacy :
age 15 and over can read and write (
1995 est .)
total population :
37 .
8 %
male :
50 %
female :
24 .
4 %
Government :
Name of country :
conventional long form :
Islamic Republic of Pakistan conventional short form :
Pakistan former :
West Pakistan Data code :
PK Type of government :
republic Capital :
Islamabad Administrative divisions :
4 provinces ,
1 territory *,
and 1 capital territory **;
Balochistan ,
Federally Administered Tribal Areas *,
Islamabad Capital Territory **,
North -
West Frontier ,
Punjab ,
Sindh note :
the Pakistani -
administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas Independence :
14 August 1947 (
from UK )
National holiday :
Pakistan Day ,
23 March (
1956 )
(
proclamation of the republic )
Constitution :
10 April 1973 ,
suspended 5 July 1977 ,
restored with amendments 30 December 1985 Legal system :
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan '
s stature as an Islamic state ;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ,
with reservations Suffrage :
21 years of age ;
universal ;
separate electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for non -
Muslims Executive branch :
chief of state :
President Sardar Farooq LEGHARI (
since 13 November 1993 )
was elected for a five -
year term by Parliament ;
election last held 13 November 1993 (
next to be held no later than 14 October 1998 );
results -
LEGHARI was elected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblies head of government :
Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO (
since 19 October 1993 )
was elected by the National Assembly cabinet :
Cabinet was elected by the National Assembly Legislative branch :
bicameral Parliament (
Majlis -
e -
Shoora )
Senate :
elections last held NA March 1994 (
next to be held NA March 1997 );
results -
percent of vote by party NA ;
seats - (
87 total )
PPP 22 ,
PML /
N 17 ;
Tribal Area Representatives (
nonparty )
8 ,
ANP 6 ,
PML /
J 5 ,
JWP 5 ,
MQM /
A 5 ,
JUI /
F 2 ,
PKMAP 2 ,
JI 2 ,
NPP 2 ,
BNM /
H 1 ,
BNM /
M 1 ,
JUP /
NI 1 ,
JUP /
NO 1 ,
JAH 1 ,
JUI /
S 1 ,
PML /
F 1 ,
PNP 1 ,
independents 2 ,
vacant 1 National Assembly :
elections last held 6 October 1993 (
next to be held by October 1998 );
results -
percent of vote by party NA ;
seats -
(
217 total )
PPP 92 ,
PML /
N 75 ,
PML /
J 6 ,
IJM -
Islamic Democratic Front 4 ,
ANP 3 ,
PKMAP 4 ,
PIF 3 ,
JWP 2 ,
MDM 2 ,
BNM /
H 1 ,
BNM /
M 1 ,
NDA 1 ,
NPP 1 ,
PKQP 1 ,
religious minorities 10 reserved seats ,
independents 9 ,
results pending 2 Judicial branch :
Supreme Court ,
judicial chiefs are appointed by the president ;
Federal Islamic (
Shari '
at )
Court Political parties and leaders :
government :
Pakistan People '
s Party (
PPP ),
Benazir BHUTTO ;
Pakistan Muslim League ,
Junejo faction (
PML /
J ),
Hamid Nasir CHATTHA ;
National People '
s Party (
NPP ),
Ghulam Mustapha JATOI ;
Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (
PKMAP ),
Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI ;
Balochistan National Movement ,
Hayee Group (
BNM /
H ),
Dr .
HAYEE Baluch ;
National Democratic Alliance (
NDA );
Pakhtun Quami Party (
PKQP ),
Mohammed AFZAL Khan opposition :
Pakistan Muslim League ,
Nawaz Sharif faction (
PML /
N ),
Nawaz SHARIF ;
Awami National Party (
ANP ),
Ajmal Khan KHATTAK ;
Pakistan Islamic Front (
PIF );
Balochistan National Movement ,
Mengal Group (
BNM /
M ),
Sardar Akhtar MENGAL ;
Mohajir Quami Movement ,
Altaf faction (
MQM /
A ),
Altaf HUSSAIN ;
Jamiat -
al -
Hadith (
JAH );
Jamhoori Watan Party (
JWP ),
Akbar Khan BUGTI frequently shifting :
Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (
MDM ),
Maulana Sami -
ul -
HAQ ,
the MDM includes Jamiat Ulema -
i -
Pakistan ,
Niazi faction (
JUP /
NI )
and Anjuman Sepah -
i -
Sahaba Pakistan (
ASSP );
Islami -
Jamhoori -
Mahaz (
IJM -
Islamic Democratic Front )
includes Jamiat Ulema -
i -
Islami ,
Fazlur Rehman group (
JUI /
F );
Pakistan Muslim League ,
Functional Group (
PML /
F ),
Pir PAGARO ;
Pakistan National Party (
PNP );
Milli Yakjheti Council (
MYC )
is an umbrella organization which includes Jamaat -
i -
Islami (
JI ),
Qazi Hussain AHMED ,
Jamiat Ulema -
i -
Islam ,
Sami -
ul -
Haq faction (
JUI /
S ),
Tehrik -
I -
Jafria Pakistan (
TJP ),
Allama Sajid NAQVI ,
and Jamiat Ulema -
i -
Pakistan ,
Noorani faction (
JUP /
NO )
note :
political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently Other political or pressure groups :
military remains important political force ;
ulema (
clergy ),
landowners ,
industrialists ,
and small merchants also influential International organization participation :
AsDB ,
C ,
CCC ,
CP ,
ECO ,
ESCAP ,
FAO ,
G -
19 ,
G -
24 ,
G -
77 ,
IAEA ,
IBRD ,
ICAO ,
ICC ,
ICFTU ,
ICRM ,
IDA ,
IDB ,
IFAD ,
IFC ,
IFRCS ,
ILO ,
IMF ,
IMO ,
Inmarsat ,
Intelsat ,
Interpol ,
IOC ,
IOM ,
ISO ,
ITU ,
MINURSO ,
NAM ,
OAS (
observer ),
OIC ,
PCA ,
SAARC ,
UN ,
UNAMIR ,
UNAVEM III ,
UNCRO ,
UNCTAD ,
UNESCO ,
UNHCR ,
UNIDO ,
UNIKOM ,
UNITAR ,
UNMIH ,
UNOMIG ,
UNOMIL ,
UNPREDEP ,
UNPROFOR ,
UPU ,
WCL ,
WFTU ,
WHO ,
WIPO ,
WMO ,
WToO ,
WTrO Diplomatic representation in US :
chief of mission :
Ambassador Maleeha LODHI chancery :
2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW ,
Washington ,
DC 20008 telephone : [
1 ] (
202 )
939 -
6200 FAX :
[
1 ] (
202 )
387 -
0484 consulate (
s )
general :
Los Angeles and New York US diplomatic representation :
chief of mission :
Ambassador Thomas SIMONS ,
Jr .
embassy :
Diplomatic Enclave ,
Ramna 5 ,
Islamabad mailing address :
P .
O .
Box 1048 ,
Unit 6220 ,
APO AE 09812 -
2200 telephone :
[
92 ] (
51 )
826161 through 826179 FAX : [
92 ] (
51 )
214222 consulate (
s )
general :
Karachi ,
Lahore consulate (
s ):
Peshawar Flag :
green with a vertical white band (
symbolizing the role of religious minorities )
on the hoist side ;
a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field ;
the crescent ,
star ,
and color green are traditional symbols of Islam Economy Economic overview :
Pakistan is a poor ,
highly populated Third World country struggling to make the difficult transition to the modern world of high technology and internationalized markets .
Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO has been under pressure from the IMF and other donors to continue the economic reforms and austerity measures begun by her predecessor ,
caretaker Prime Minister Moeen QURESHI (
July -
October 1993 ).
The IMF suspended a $
1 .
5 billion Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (
ESAF )
in mid -
1995 because Pakistan slowed the pace of economic reform .
Islamabad '
s most recent budget --
announced in June 1995 --
reversed some reforms agreed to by the IMF earlier that year ,
including a slowing of tariff reform .
In mid -
December 1995 ,
however ,
the IMF approved a $
600 million standby arrangement and urged Pakistan to move forward with economic liberalization .
Islamabad has agreed to new economic targets with the IMF ,
which could lay the basis for a return to an ESAF in 1996 .
Little progress was made in the privatization of large state -
owned units in 1995 .
The sale of the power plant Kot Addu -
scheduled for April 1995 -
was stalled by opposition from labor unions .
The sale of a 26 %
share of United Bank Limited and the Pakistan Telecommunications Corporation to strategic investors was due to take place in 1995 but has been pushed back to 1996 .
On the plus side real GDP grew 4 .
7 %
in 1995 ,
up from 3 .
9 %
in 1994 :
GDP should grow even faster in 1996 as a result of an above average cotton crop .
Secondly ,
Islamabad reduced the budget deficit to 5 .
6 %
of GDP at the end of FY94 /
95 ,
down from 8 %
two years earlier .
Thirdly ,
Pakistan attracted $
1 .
6 billion in foreign direct and portfolio investment in FY94 /
95 ,
more than double inflows of $
650 million in the previous fiscal year ;
financial agreements were reached on five power projects in 1995 ,
including the 1 ,
300 -
MW $
1 .
8 billion Hab River project .
Despite these improvements ,
the economy remains vulnerable to crisis .
Foreign exchange reserves fell dramatically in 1995 ,
reaching a low of about $
1 billion in early December 1995 --
only five weeks of import cover --
before rising to $
1 .
5 billion by yearend .
The trade deficit rose to $
2 billion for the first six months of FY94 /
95 ,
triple the deficit of $
600 million during the same period in FY93 /
94 .
The government responded to this situation with a package of stabilization reforms on 28 October 1995 which included a 7 %
devaluation of the rupee ,
supplementary duties of 10 %
on many imports ,
and higher petroleum prices .
Islamabad hopes these moves will help make its exports more competitive .
For the long run ,
Pakistan must deal with serious problems of deteriorating infrastructure ,
low literacy levels ,
and persistent law and order problems in Karachi .
GDP :
purchasing power parity - $
274 .
2 billion (
1995 est .)
GDP real growth rate :
4 .
7 % (
1995 est .)
GDP per capita : $
2 ,
100 (
1995 est .)
GDP composition by sector :
agriculture :
24 %
industry :
27 %
services :
49 % (
1995 est .)
Inflation rate (
consumer prices ):
13 % (
1995 est .)
Labor force :
36 million by occupation :
agriculture 46 %,
mining and manufacturing 18 %,
services 17 %,
other 19 %
note :
extensive export of labor Unemployment rate :
NA %
Budget :
revenues : $
11 .
9 billion expenditures : $
12 .
4 billion ,
including capital expenditures of $
NA (
FY94 /
95 )
Industries :
textiles ,
food processing ,
beverages ,
construction materials ,
clothing ,
paper products ,
shrimp Industrial production growth rate :
5 %
(
1995 est .)
Electricity :
capacity :
12 ,
530 ,
000 kW (
1995 )
production :
43 .
3 billion kWh (
1995 )
consumption per capita :
389 kWh (
1993 )
Agriculture :
cotton ,
wheat ,
rice ,
sugarcane ,
fruits ,
vegetables ;
milk ,
beef ,
mutton ,
eggs Illicit drugs :
major illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade ;
remains world '
s fourth largest opium producer (
155 metric tons in 1995 );
major center for processing Afghan heroin and key transit area for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western market Exports : $
8 .
7 billion (
1995 est .)
commodities :
cotton ,
textiles ,
clothing ,
rice ,
leather ,
carpets partners :
US ,
Japan ,
Hong Kong ,
Germany ,
UK ,
UAE ,
France Imports : $
10 .
7 billion (
1995 est .)
commodities :
petroleum ,
petroleum products ,
machinery ,
transportation equipment ,
vegetable oils ,
animal fats ,
chemicals partners :
Japan ,
US ,
Germany ,
UK ,
Saudi Arabia ,
Malaysia ,
South Korea External debt :
$
26 billion (
1995 est .)
Economic aid :
recipient :
ODA ,
$
697 million (
1993 )
note : $
2 .
5 billion (
includes bilateral and multilateral aid but no US commitments )
(
FY93 /
94 ); $
3 billion (
includes bilateral and multilateral aid but no US commitments ) (
FY94 /
95 )
Currency :
1 Pakistani rupee (
PRe ) =
100 paisa Exchange rates :
Pakistani rupees (
PRs )
per US $
1 -
34 .
339 (
January 1996 ),
31 .
643 (
1995 ),
30 .
567 (
1994 ),
28 .
107 (
1993 ),
25 .
083 (
1992 ),
23 .
801 (
1991 )
Fiscal year :
1 July -
30 June Transportation :
Railways :
total :
8 ,
163 km broad gauge :
7 ,
718 km 1 .
676 -
m gauge (
293 km electrified ;
1 ,
037 km double track )
narrow gauge :
445 km 1 .
000 -
m gauge ;
661 km less than 1 .
000 -
m gauge (
1995 est .)
Highways :
total :
205 ,
304 km paved :
104 ,
735 km unpaved :
100 ,
569 km (
1995 est .)
Pipelines :
crude oil 250 km ;
petroleum products 885 km ;
natural gas 4 ,
044 km (
1987 )
Ports :
Karachi ,
Port Muhammad bin Qasim Merchant marine :
total :
24 ships (
1 ,
000 GRT or over )
totaling 345 ,
606 GRT /
560 ,
641 DWT ships by type :
bulk 3 ,
cargo 19 ,
oil tanker 1 ,
passenger -
cargo 1 (
1995 est .)
Airports :
total :
100 with paved runways over 3 ,
047 m :
12 with paved runways 2 ,
438 to 3 ,
047 m :
19 with paved runways 1 ,
524 to 2 ,
437 m :
25 with paved runways 914 to 1 ,
523 m :
11 with paved runways under 914 m :
18 with unpaved runways 1 ,
524 to 2 ,
437 m :
7 with unpaved runways 914 to 1 ,
523 m :
8 (
1995 est .)
Heliports :
6 (
1995 est .)
Communications :
Telephones :
1 .
572 million (
1993 est .)
Telephone system :
the domestic system is mediocre ,
but adequate for government and business use ,
in part because major businesses have established their own private systems ;
since 1988 ,
the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis ;
despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems ,
telecommunication services are still not readily available to the major portion of the population domestic :
microwave radio relay international :
satellite earth stations -
3 Intelsat (
1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean );
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries Radio broadcast stations :
AM 26 ,
FM 8 ,
shortwave 11 Radios :
11 .
3 million (
1992 est .)
Television broadcast stations :
29 Televisions :
2 .
08 million (
1993 est .)
Defense :
Branches :
Army ,
Navy ,
Air Force ,
Civil Armed Forces ,
National Guard Manpower availability :
males age 15 -
49 :
30 ,
519 ,
339 males fit for military service :
18 ,
720 ,
175 males reach military age (
17 )
annually :
1 ,
437 ,
208 (
1996 est .)
Defense expenditures :
exchange rate conversion -
$
3 .
1 billion ,
5 .
3 %
of GDP (
FY95 /
96 )
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