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necessity 音标拼音: [nəs'ɛsəti] [nəs'ɛsɪti] n. 必须,需要,必然,必需品 必须,需要,必然,必需品 necessity n 1: the condition of being essential or indispensable 2: anything indispensable; " food and shelter are necessities of life"; " the essentials of the good life"; " allow farmers to buy their requirements under favorable conditions"; " a place where the requisites of water fuel and fodder can be obtained" [ synonym: { necessity}, { essential}, { requirement}, { requisite}, { necessary}] [ ant: { inessential}, { nonessential}] Necessity \ Ne* ces" si* ty\, n.; pl. { Necessities}. [ OE. necessite, F. n[' e] cessit[' e], L. necessitas, fr. necesse. See { Necessary}.] 1. The quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or absolutely requisite; inevitableness; indispensableness. [ 1913 Webster] 2. The condition of being needy or necessitous; pressing need; indigence; want. [ 1913 Webster] Urge the necessity and state of times. -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty was in. -- Clarendon. [ 1913 Webster] 3. That which is necessary; a necessary; a requisite; something indispensable; -- often in the plural. [ 1913 Webster] These should be hours for necessities, Not for delights. -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] What was once to me Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown The vast necessity of heart and life. -- Tennyson. [ 1913 Webster] 4. That which makes an act or an event unavoidable; irresistible force; overruling power; compulsion, physical or moral; fate; fatality. [ 1913 Webster] So spake the fiend, and with necessity, The tyrant' s plea, excused his devilish deeds. -- Milton. [ 1913 Webster] 5. ( Metaph.) The negation of freedom in voluntary action; the subjection of all phenomena, whether material or spiritual, to inevitable causation; necessitarianism. [ 1913 Webster] { Of necessity}, by necessary consequence; by compulsion, or irresistible power; perforce. [ 1913 Webster] Syn: See { Need}. [ 1913 Webster] 126 Moby Thesaurus words for " necessity": absolute certainty, absoluteness, act of God, assurance, assuredness, bare cupboard, bare necessities, bare subsistence, beggarliness, beggary, call, call for, cause, certain knowledge, certainness, certainty, certitude, coaction, coercion, compulsion, compulsiveness, condition, constraint, dead certainty, decree, definiteness, demand, demand for, deprivation, desideration, desideratum, destitution, determinacy, determinateness, duress, empty purse, enforcement, essential, essentials, exigency, fate, fatefulness, force majeure, forcing, foredestiny, foregone conclusion, foreknowledge, foreordination, grinding poverty, gripe, hand- to- mouth existence, homelessness, impoverishment, indefeasibility, indigence, indispensable, indispensableness, ineluctability, inerrability, inerrancy, inescapableness, inevasibleness, inevitability, inevitable accident, inevitableness, inexorability, infallibilism, infallibility, inflexibility, irresistibility, irrevocability, lack, mendicancy, moneylessness, must, must item, necessaries, necessities, necessitousness, need, need for, needfulness, neediness, nonambiguity, noncontingency, obligation, obligement, occasion, pauperism, pauperization, penury, pinch, positiveness, predestination, predetermination, preordination, prerequirement, prerequisite, prescience, privation, probatum, proved fact, relentlessness, requirement, requisite, requisiteness, requisition, restraint, sine qua non, sureness, surety, the necessary, the needful, truth, unambiguity, unavoidable casualty, unavoidableness, uncontrollability, undeflectability, unequivocalness, univocity, unmistakableness, unpreventability, unyieldingness, vis major, wantNECESSITY. In general, whatever makes the contrary of a thing impossible, whatever may be the cause of such impossibilities, 2. Whatever is done through necessity, is done without any intention, and as the act is done without will, ( q. v.) and is compulsory, the agent is not legally responsible. Bac. Max. Reg. 5. Hence the maxim, necessity has no law; indeed necessity is itself a law which cannot be avoided nor infringed. Clef des Lois Rom. h. t.; Dig 10, 3, 10, 1; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M 20, 3 M 30. 3. It follows, then, that the acts of a man in violation of law., or to the injury of another, may be justified by necessity, because the actor has no will to do or not to do the thing, he is a mere tool; but, it is conceived, this necessity must be absolute and irresistible, in fact, or so presumed in point of law. 4. The cases which are justified by necessity, may be classed as follows: I. For the preservation of life; as if two persons are on the same plank, and one must perish, the survivor is justified in having thrown off the other, who was thereby drowned. Bac. Max, Reg. 5. 5.- 2. Obedience by a person subject to the power of another; for example, if a wife should commit a larceny with her husband, in this case the law presumes she acted by coercion of her husband, and, being compelled, by necessity, she is justifiable. 1 Russ. Cr. 16, 20; Bac. Max. Reg. 5. 6.- 3. Those cases which arise from the act of God, or inevitable accident, or from the act of man, as public enemies. Vide Act of God; Inevitable Accident and also 15 Vin. Ab. 534 Dane' s Ab h. t.; 2 Stark. Ev. 713; Marsh. Ins. b. 1, c. 6, s. 3 Jacob' s Intr. to. Com. Law. Reg. 74. 7.- 4. There is another species of necessity. The actor in these cases is not compelled to do the act whether he will or not, but he has no choice left but to do the act which may be injurious to another, or to lose the total use of his property. For example, when a man' s lands are surrounded by those of others, so that he cannot enjoy them without trespassing on his neighbors. The way which is thus obtained, is called a way of necessity. Gale and Whatley on Easements, 71; 11 Co. 52; Hob. 234; 1 Saund. 323, note. See 3 Rawle, R. 495; 3 M' Cord, R. 131; Id. 170; 14 Mass. R. 56; 2 B. & C. 96; 2 Bing. R. 76; 8 T. R. 50; Cro. Jac. 170; 2 Roll. Ab. 60; 3 Kent, Com. 423; 3 Rawle' s R. 492; 1 Taunt. R. 279; 8 Taunt. R. 24; ST. R. 50; Ham. N. P. 198; Cro. Jac. 170; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1637; and Way. |
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