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  • Metaphysics | Definition, Problems, Theories, History, Criticism . . .
    Metaphysics, branch of philosophy whose topics in antiquity and the Middle Ages were the first causes of things and the nature of being Later, many other topics came to be included under the heading ‘metaphysics ’ The set of problems that now make up the subject matter of metaphysics is extremely diverse
  • An Introduction to Metaphysics | work by Bergson | Britannica
    Introduction à la metaphysique (1903; An Introduction to Metaphysics) The latter provides perhaps the best introduction to his philosophy by offering the clearest account of his method There are two profoundly different ways of knowing, he claimed The one, which reaches its furthest development in science, is analytic, spatializing, and…
  • Entretiens sur la métaphysique et sur la religion
    Other articles where Entretiens sur la métaphysique et sur la religion is discussed: Nicolas Malebranche: His Entretiens sur la métaphysique et sur la religion (1688; “Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion”), a series of 14 dialogues, has been called the best introduction to his system His other writings include research into the nature of light and colour and studies in infinitesimal…
  • Substance | Definition, Metaphysics, Aristotle, Spinoza, Examples . . .
    substance, in the history of Western philosophy, a thing whose existence is independent of that of all other things, or a thing from which or out of which other things are made or in which other things inhere Although substance is one of the most important ideas in metaphysics, philosophers disagree about which entities are substances For Aristotle (384–322 bce), the first philosopher to
  • Rudolf Hermann Lotze | Idealism, Metaphysics, Logic | Britannica
    Rudolf Hermann Lotze was a German philosopher who bridged the gap between classical German philosophy and 20th-century idealism and founded Theistic Idealism While studying for doctorates in medicine and philosophy at the University of Leipzig (1834–38), he began interpreting physical processes as
  • Ontology | Definition, History Examples | Britannica
    ontology, the philosophical study of being in general, or of what applies neutrally to everything that is real It was called “first philosophy” by Aristotle in Book IV of his Metaphysics The Latin term ontologia (“science of being”) was felicitously invented by the German philosopher Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and first appeared in his work Ogdoas Scholastica (1st ed ) in 1606
  • Pluralism and monism | Metaphysics, Ontology, Epistemology | Britannica
    pluralism and monism, philosophical theories that answer “many” and “one,” respectively, to the distinct questions: how many kinds of things are there? and how many things are there?Different answers to each question are compatible, and the possible combination of views provide a popular way of viewing the history of philosophy All philosophy as well as science may be regarded as a
  • Metatheory | Philosophy, Ontology, Epistemology | Britannica
    metatheory, a theory the subject matter of which is another theory A finding proved in the former that deals with the latter is known as a metatheorem The most notable example of a metatheory was provided by David Hilbert, a German mathematician, who in 1905 set out to construct an elementary proof of the consistency of mathematics For this purpose he needed a theory that studies mathematics
  • Victor Cousin | French Philosopher, Educator Idealist - Britannica
    Victor Cousin (born Nov 28, 1792, Paris—died Jan 13, 1867, Cannes, Fr ) was a French philosopher, educational reformer, and historian whose systematic eclecticism made him the best known French thinker in his time At the École Normale in 1811 Cousin was influenced by his studies of the philosophers P Laromiguière, E B de Condillac, and John Locke
  • The Search After Truth | work by Malebranche | Britannica
    Other articles where The Search After Truth is discussed: Nicolas Malebranche: (1674–75; Search After Truth) Criticism of its theology by others led him to amplify his views in Traité de la nature et de la grâce (1680; Treatise of Nature and Grace) His Entretiens sur la métaphysique et sur la religion (1688; “Dialogues on Metaphysics and on…





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