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  • Industrial glass | Types, Uses, Properties | Britannica
    Industrial glass, solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements These three properties—lustre, transparency, and durability—make glass a favoured material for such household objects as windowpanes,
  • Industrial glass - Glassmaking in the laboratory | Britannica
    Industrial glass - Glassmaking in the laboratory: Glassmaking requires a carefully weighed selection of raw materials For laboratory melting, a batch is prepared from reagent-grade chemicals such as floated silica, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, alumina, and borax—all of which are assumed to convert to equivalent amounts of oxides after decomposition The mixed batch is placed in a
  • Glass | Definition, Composition, Material, Types, Facts | Britannica
    Glass is treated in detail in a number of articles Stained glass and the aesthetic aspects of glass design are described in stained glass and glassware The composition, properties, and industrial production of glass are covered in industrial glass The physical and atomic characteristics of glass are treated in amorphous solid
  • Industrial glass - Glass treating | Britannica
    Industrial glass - Glass treating: During the glass-forming process, glasses often develop permanent stresses because various regions of the material pass through the glass transition range at varying cooling rates and at varying times In order to ensure dimensional stability (for instance, for space-based telescope mirrors) and to avoid the development of excessive tension in critical
  • The first industrial age - Encyclopedia Britannica
    If the first industrial age was one of iron and steam, the second industrial age, which began in about 1880, could be called one of steel and electricity Mass production of this new material and of this new form of energy also transformed building technology Steel was first made in large quantities for railroad rails
  • Great Exhibition of 1851 | British history | Britannica
    In industrial glass: Optical glass …of the highlights of the Great Exhibition of 1851 was a disk of very homogeneous dense flint, 29 inches in diameter and 2 25 inches thick, made by Chance Brothers Work on optical glass had also been started by Carl Zeiss at Jena, Ger , in 1846 Beginning in the 1880s, the… Read More history of world’s
  • Polymer | Description, Examples, Types, Material, Uses, Facts . . .
    Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, and they constitute the basis of certain minerals and human-made materials, such as paper and plastics
  • Sodium oxide | chemical compound | Britannica
    In industrial glass: Silica-based …their primary constituents soda, or sodium oxide (Na 2 O; usually derived from sodium carbonate, or soda ash), and lime, or calcium oxide (CaO; commonly derived from roasted limestone) To this basic formula other ingredients may be added in order to obtain varying properties For instance, by adding sodium fluoride or calcium… Read More
  • Solid-waste management | Definition, Methods, Importance, Facts . . .
    Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, pollution, and outbreaks of disease
  • Quicklime | Formula, Uses, Definition | Britannica
    Quicklime (CaO), compound of one atom of calcium and one atom of oxygen that is a white or grayish white solid produced in large quantities by roasting calcium carbonate so as to drive off carbon dioxide At room temperature, CaO will spontaneously absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,





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